Marx and Philosophy Society sixth annual conference
Institute of Education, London, Saturday 6th June 2009
Keynote speaker: Nick Dyer-Witheford (University of Western Ontario)
The Marx and Philosophy Society aims to encourage scholarly engagement with,
and creative development of, the philosophical and foundational aspects of
Marx's work. The society welcomes contributions from any philosophical or
political position.
Papers on any topic consonant with these aims are invited from postgraduate
students for a special session for postgraduate papers at the conference.
Papers should be planned to last for approximately 20 minutes.
Please submit abstracts of up to 300 words by 1 March 2009 to Sean Sayers at
s.p.sayers@kent.ac.uk.
Saturday, February 14, 2009
Friday, February 13, 2009
A short essay on ethics and markets
I was asked by one of my students to write a short piece for McGill Foreign Affairs Review on the question: Are ethics and the free market system irreconcilable? I thought the result was not un-worth sharing (Orwell cringes). It has just the right mix of unsubstantiated hyperbole and suggestive inscrutability.
Are ethics and the free market system irreconcilable?
Certainly not; they can be easily reconciled by the simple realization that “the free market system” is as much a figment of the imagination as are unicorns and hippogriffs. Hence, anything at all can be reconciled with “the free market system,” so long as one’s imagination is rich enough. In order to seriously consider the relationship between ethics and “the free market system,” one must get behind this fantastical construction and ask about the relationship between ethics and the real substratum of this fantasy, not to mention the relationship between ethics and the process by which this fantasy is produced. To imagine a free market system: what are the ethical stakes in such an act of fancy? I will return to this question, but first we must settle the question of where the fancy of “the free market system” comes from? What is the basis of this image in reality?
Unlike the unicorn or the hippogriff, which the imagination forms by adding together parts of real creatures to form a new whole, the imagination arrives at the free market system by subtracting something from an existent form of society. The imagined free market system is missing something essential, something without which it could not possibly be real. Having imagined this system that does not and cannot exist, we then perceive as real what we have only imagined, that is, we mistake what we actually see for our fanciful creature.
“The market” is an abstraction, but not an unhelpful one. The market is not that teeming warren of elbows and constant din where one goes on Saturday to get the best cheese for the lowest price. Rather, it is a bit of verbal shorthand for the fact that we put price-tags on lots and lots of stuff. There is a market in x if x has a price-tag on it. The market in x is a “free” market if more or less anyone in a given population can put a price-tag on x and more or less anyone can, in turn, buy x, without too much interference on either end from bureaucrats, police, or scary men in dark sunglasses and bulging jackets. Hence, a free market is always a free market in something or another: macadamia nuts, retail space, legal services. Moreover, even in this digital age when we hyperbolically pretend that space has disappeared because we can order fine Japanese teas online while sitting in our underwear in our own bedrooms, a free market is always geographically bounded, and in that sense, local. There are sites of production, sites of consumption, and avenues of transit and communication between them, all of which must be free of blockade or interference in order for the market to be free.
It has always been recognized that the existence of markets implies a very definite ethos. In order to engage in market exchange, I must recognize my partner as a free proprietor of whatever he or she brings to the exchange, having a right to possess it and a concomitant right to give it up. I must assume that he or she is attempting to get the most money or product possible in the exchange. I cannot avail myself of force or fraud. I must treat what I bring to the table as comparable with what my partner brings, such that we could arrive at a fair exchange, neither of us doing the other a favor that would impart a lasting sense of obligation. Of course, actual parties to actual market transactions might subjectively violate one or another of these strictures, but they nonetheless function as norms structuring the practice of market exchange. These norms are so far definitive of what it is to interact via the market that they constitute the recognizable character of “the good merchant”—fair, non-violent, solicitous, always on the look-out for a bargain, tolerant.
Of course, there is also the equally recognizable character of “the bad merchant”—greedy, duplicitous, money-grubbing, caring for nothing great or glorious, incapable of reverence or shame—so prominent in the popular imagination at times like now, when money managers are faking their own deaths to escape public accounting for their schemes. To some extent, this is merely the picture of someone who preserves the appearance of market ethics while violating its spirit, and to this extent it does not at all trouble the ethicality of the market, but insists upon it. The CEO who spends millions renovating his office while his underlings and customers lose their shirts is called out simply for failing to properly respect others as equal proprietors. However, the portrait of the bad merchant also contains a certain suspicion of the market ethos itself, a doubt that market ethics could ever be anything more than a minor aspect of ethics, a species of etiquette rather than ethics proper. The market must be bounded ethically as well as geographically. Some things should not be bought or sold. There are better, more important ways of interacting with others than via cash transactions. Real ethics necessarily transcends the market, since it must decide when and where the market is appropriate and when and where it is not. Thus, while the market is perfectly reconcilable with ethics, it is so reconciled only by acknowledging the limits of the market and its peculiar ethos.
The market system, however, is a different creature; it is not merely the sum of all of the free markets in the world. In order to constitute a system, markets must be linked in some self-reinforcing way. This self-reinforcing system used to be called civil society, or commercial society, or (and this is my preference) capital. So, what is the relation between capital and ethics?
Not so foreign as one might think. Ethics is just the lived experience of our relationship to our better selves. And capital pretty much has a monopoly on “better selves.” In fact, I am tempted to say that capital so completely structures our modern sense of who we are and who we should become that it is hard to conceive of any ethics other than capitalist ethics. And I just gave in to temptation. The etiquette of the merchant resembles petty-Kantianism; the other is treated as a rational actor in no need of my paternalism (in other words, buyer beware!). The ethics of capital, on the other hand, is a Pentecostal strain of utilitarianism, an enthusiastic and garrulous certainty that, whatever I do, everything will turn out for the best in the end. And the end is nigh.
To be clear, capital doesn’t tell you what you should be. That’s the beauty of it. Capital just tells you how to become whatever you think you should be. That is, it abstracts from the determinate content of the good. Wherever your treasure may lie, the ethical guidance that commercial society gives you is today what it was when Thomas Jefferson translated Destutt de Tracy’s formulation of it in 1818: “The means then of enriching ourselves is to devote ourselves to that species of labour which is most dearly paid for, whatever be its nature.” In a more modern idiom, the advice is: sell yourself. Moreover, de Tracy was up to date enough to realize that what counts is not merely the salary but also the perks. Sure, that minimum wage burger-flipping job may not seem to stack up against a partnership in corporate law, but you don’t have to mess with all that schooling, the hours are more flexible, and after the manager leaves you can pop White Snake into the boom box in back and rock out. Utility is the night in which all goods are black. The ultimate proof that all my choices have maximized my utility is that I have chosen them.
But as I said above, you can’t put the market system together with free markets and get the free market system. This is because capital implies but does not contain a third moment, a moment that makes things much messier. This moment contains the myriad processes of what Marx called “primitive accumulation”—the violent appropriation of the means of production and the baptism of this plunder that allows it to be reborn as legitimate wealth, to be bought, sold, and invested. These processes require an organized state power that does more than ensure the integrity of weights and measures. They always seem to be happening somewhere else. As John Stuart Mill happily put it, “Wars, and the destruction they cause, are now usually confined, in almost every country, to those distant and outlying possessions at which it comes into contact with savages.” But the “savages” live next door, and within each of us, also. Whatever ethics is suitable for these border wars is not easily integrated into the etiquette of the market or the ethics of salesmanship. Remembering this, or forgetting it, is what is at stake in the imaginary flight to “the free market system.”
Are ethics and the free market system irreconcilable?
Certainly not; they can be easily reconciled by the simple realization that “the free market system” is as much a figment of the imagination as are unicorns and hippogriffs. Hence, anything at all can be reconciled with “the free market system,” so long as one’s imagination is rich enough. In order to seriously consider the relationship between ethics and “the free market system,” one must get behind this fantastical construction and ask about the relationship between ethics and the real substratum of this fantasy, not to mention the relationship between ethics and the process by which this fantasy is produced. To imagine a free market system: what are the ethical stakes in such an act of fancy? I will return to this question, but first we must settle the question of where the fancy of “the free market system” comes from? What is the basis of this image in reality?
Unlike the unicorn or the hippogriff, which the imagination forms by adding together parts of real creatures to form a new whole, the imagination arrives at the free market system by subtracting something from an existent form of society. The imagined free market system is missing something essential, something without which it could not possibly be real. Having imagined this system that does not and cannot exist, we then perceive as real what we have only imagined, that is, we mistake what we actually see for our fanciful creature.
“The market” is an abstraction, but not an unhelpful one. The market is not that teeming warren of elbows and constant din where one goes on Saturday to get the best cheese for the lowest price. Rather, it is a bit of verbal shorthand for the fact that we put price-tags on lots and lots of stuff. There is a market in x if x has a price-tag on it. The market in x is a “free” market if more or less anyone in a given population can put a price-tag on x and more or less anyone can, in turn, buy x, without too much interference on either end from bureaucrats, police, or scary men in dark sunglasses and bulging jackets. Hence, a free market is always a free market in something or another: macadamia nuts, retail space, legal services. Moreover, even in this digital age when we hyperbolically pretend that space has disappeared because we can order fine Japanese teas online while sitting in our underwear in our own bedrooms, a free market is always geographically bounded, and in that sense, local. There are sites of production, sites of consumption, and avenues of transit and communication between them, all of which must be free of blockade or interference in order for the market to be free.
It has always been recognized that the existence of markets implies a very definite ethos. In order to engage in market exchange, I must recognize my partner as a free proprietor of whatever he or she brings to the exchange, having a right to possess it and a concomitant right to give it up. I must assume that he or she is attempting to get the most money or product possible in the exchange. I cannot avail myself of force or fraud. I must treat what I bring to the table as comparable with what my partner brings, such that we could arrive at a fair exchange, neither of us doing the other a favor that would impart a lasting sense of obligation. Of course, actual parties to actual market transactions might subjectively violate one or another of these strictures, but they nonetheless function as norms structuring the practice of market exchange. These norms are so far definitive of what it is to interact via the market that they constitute the recognizable character of “the good merchant”—fair, non-violent, solicitous, always on the look-out for a bargain, tolerant.
Of course, there is also the equally recognizable character of “the bad merchant”—greedy, duplicitous, money-grubbing, caring for nothing great or glorious, incapable of reverence or shame—so prominent in the popular imagination at times like now, when money managers are faking their own deaths to escape public accounting for their schemes. To some extent, this is merely the picture of someone who preserves the appearance of market ethics while violating its spirit, and to this extent it does not at all trouble the ethicality of the market, but insists upon it. The CEO who spends millions renovating his office while his underlings and customers lose their shirts is called out simply for failing to properly respect others as equal proprietors. However, the portrait of the bad merchant also contains a certain suspicion of the market ethos itself, a doubt that market ethics could ever be anything more than a minor aspect of ethics, a species of etiquette rather than ethics proper. The market must be bounded ethically as well as geographically. Some things should not be bought or sold. There are better, more important ways of interacting with others than via cash transactions. Real ethics necessarily transcends the market, since it must decide when and where the market is appropriate and when and where it is not. Thus, while the market is perfectly reconcilable with ethics, it is so reconciled only by acknowledging the limits of the market and its peculiar ethos.
The market system, however, is a different creature; it is not merely the sum of all of the free markets in the world. In order to constitute a system, markets must be linked in some self-reinforcing way. This self-reinforcing system used to be called civil society, or commercial society, or (and this is my preference) capital. So, what is the relation between capital and ethics?
Not so foreign as one might think. Ethics is just the lived experience of our relationship to our better selves. And capital pretty much has a monopoly on “better selves.” In fact, I am tempted to say that capital so completely structures our modern sense of who we are and who we should become that it is hard to conceive of any ethics other than capitalist ethics. And I just gave in to temptation. The etiquette of the merchant resembles petty-Kantianism; the other is treated as a rational actor in no need of my paternalism (in other words, buyer beware!). The ethics of capital, on the other hand, is a Pentecostal strain of utilitarianism, an enthusiastic and garrulous certainty that, whatever I do, everything will turn out for the best in the end. And the end is nigh.
To be clear, capital doesn’t tell you what you should be. That’s the beauty of it. Capital just tells you how to become whatever you think you should be. That is, it abstracts from the determinate content of the good. Wherever your treasure may lie, the ethical guidance that commercial society gives you is today what it was when Thomas Jefferson translated Destutt de Tracy’s formulation of it in 1818: “The means then of enriching ourselves is to devote ourselves to that species of labour which is most dearly paid for, whatever be its nature.” In a more modern idiom, the advice is: sell yourself. Moreover, de Tracy was up to date enough to realize that what counts is not merely the salary but also the perks. Sure, that minimum wage burger-flipping job may not seem to stack up against a partnership in corporate law, but you don’t have to mess with all that schooling, the hours are more flexible, and after the manager leaves you can pop White Snake into the boom box in back and rock out. Utility is the night in which all goods are black. The ultimate proof that all my choices have maximized my utility is that I have chosen them.
But as I said above, you can’t put the market system together with free markets and get the free market system. This is because capital implies but does not contain a third moment, a moment that makes things much messier. This moment contains the myriad processes of what Marx called “primitive accumulation”—the violent appropriation of the means of production and the baptism of this plunder that allows it to be reborn as legitimate wealth, to be bought, sold, and invested. These processes require an organized state power that does more than ensure the integrity of weights and measures. They always seem to be happening somewhere else. As John Stuart Mill happily put it, “Wars, and the destruction they cause, are now usually confined, in almost every country, to those distant and outlying possessions at which it comes into contact with savages.” But the “savages” live next door, and within each of us, also. Whatever ethics is suitable for these border wars is not easily integrated into the etiquette of the market or the ethics of salesmanship. Remembering this, or forgetting it, is what is at stake in the imaginary flight to “the free market system.”